A domed pachycephalosaur from the early Cretaceous of Mongolia
بتوقيت بيروت - 9/17/2025 8:00:47 PM - GMT (+2 )

  • Sues, H.-D. Functional morphology of the dome in pachycephalosaurid dinosaurs. N. Jb. Geol. Palaontol. Mh. 8, 459–472 (1978).


    Google Scholar 

  • Snively, E. & Theodor, J. M. Common functional correlates of head-strike behavior in the pachycephalosaur Stegoceras validum (Ornithischia, Dinosauria) and combative artiodactyls. PLoS ONE 6, e21422 (2011).

    Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Peterson, J. E., Dischler, C. & Longrich, N. R. Distributions of cranial pathologies provide evidence for head-butting in dome-headed dinosaurs (Pachycephalosauridae). PLoS ONE 8, e68620 (2013).

    Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Evans, D. C., Schott, R. K., Larson, D. W., Brown, C. M. & Ryan, M. J. The oldest North American pachycephalosaurid and the hidden diversity of small-bodied ornithischian dinosaurs. Nat. Commun. 4, 1828 (2013).

    Article 
    ADS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Dyer, A. D., Powers, M. J. & Currie, P. J. Problematic putative pachycephalosaurids: synchrotron µCT imaging shines new light on the anatomy and taxonomic validity of Gravitholus albertae from the Belly River Group (Campanian) of Alberta, Canada. Vertebr. Anat. Morphol. Palaeontol. 10, 65–110 (2023).


    Google Scholar 

  • Horner, J. R., Goodwin, M. B. & Evans, D. C. A new pachycephalosaurid from the Hell Creek Formation, Garfield County, Montana, U.S.A. J. Vertebr. Paleontol. 42, e2190369 (2023).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Woodruff, D. C., Schott, R. K. & Evans, D. C. Two new species of small-bodied pachycephalosaurine (Dinosauria, Marginocephalia) from the uppermost Cretaceous of North America suggest hidden diversity in well-sampled formations. Pap. Palaeontol. 9, e1535 (2023).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Knapp, A., Knell, R. J. & Hone, D. W. E. Three-dimensional geometric morphometric analysis of the skull of Protoceratops andrewsi supports a socio-sexual signaling role for the ceratopsian frill. Proc. R. Soc. B 288, 20202938 (2021).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Main, R. P., De Ricqlès, A., Horner, J. R. & Padian, K. The evolution and function of thyreophoran dinosaur scutes: implications for plate function in stegosaurs. Paleobiology 31, 291–314 (2005).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Arbour, V. M., Zanno, L. E. & Evans, D. C. Palaeopathological evidence for intraspecific combat in ankylosaurid dinosaurs. Biol. Lett. 18, 20220404 (2022).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, C. M., Campione, N. E., Mantilla, G. P. W. & Evans, D. C. Size-driven preservational and macroecological biases in the latest Maastrichtian terrestrial vertebrate assemblages of North America. Paleobiology 48, 210–238 (2022).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Hayashi, S., Carpenter, K., Watabe, M. & McWhinney, L. A. Ontogenetic histology of Stegosaurus plates and spikes. Palaeontology 55, 145–161 (2012).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Butler, R. J. & Zhao, Q. The small-bodied ornithischian dinosaurs Micropachycephalosaurus hongtuyanensis and Wannanosaurus yansiensis from the Late Cretaceous of China. Cretaceous Res. 30, 63–77 (2009).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Schott, R. K. et al. Cranial ontogeny in Stegoceras validum (Dinosauria: Pachycephalosauria): a quantitative model of pachycephalosaur dome growth and variation. PLoS ONE 6, e21092 (2011).

    Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Campione, N. E., Evans, D. C., Brown, C. M., Carrano, M. T. & Revell, L. Body mass estimation in non-avian bipeds using a theoretical conversion to quadruped stylopodial proportions. Methods Ecol. Evol. 5, 913–923 (2014).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Ito, M., Matsukawa, M., Saito, T. & Nichols, D. J. Facies architecture and paleohydrology of a synrift succession in the Early Cretaceous Choyr Basin, southeastern Mongolia. Cretaceous Res. 27, 226–240 (2006).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Jerzykiewicz, T. & Russell, D. A. Late Mesozoic stratigraphy, and vertebrates of the Gobi Basin. Cretaceous Res. 12, 345–377 (1991).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Nichols, D. J., Matsukawa, M. & Ito, M. Palynology and age of some Cretaceous nonmarine deposits in Mongolia and China. Cretaceous Res. 27, 241–251 (2006).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Maryańska, T. & Osmólska, H. Pachycephalosauria, a new suborder of ornithischian dinosaurs. Acta Palaeontol. Pol. 30, 45–102 (1974).


    Google Scholar 

  • Perle, A., Maryańska, T. & Osmólska, H. Goyocephale lattimorei gen. et sp. n., a new flat-headed pachycephalosaur (Ornithischia, Dinosauria) from the Upper Cretaceous of Mongolia. Acta Palaeontol. Pol. 27, 115–132 (1982).


    Google Scholar 

  • Gilmore, C. W. On Troodon validus, an orthopodous dinosaur from the Belly River Cretaceous of Alberta, Canada. Alberta Univ. Bull. 1, 1–43 (1924).


    Google Scholar 

  • Woodruff, D. C., Goodwin, M. B., Lyson, T. R. & Evans, D. C. Ontogeny and variation of the pachycephalosaurine dinosaur Sphaerotholus buchholtzae, and its systematics within the genus. Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 193, 563–601 (2021).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, B. & Schlaikjer, E. M. A study of the troodont dinosaurs with the description of a new genus and four new species. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 82, 115–150 (1943).


    Google Scholar 

  • Sullivan, R. M. A taxonomic review of the Pachycephalosauridae (Dinosauria: Ornithischia). Bull. New Mexico Mus. Nat. Hist. Sci. 35, 347–365 (2006).


    Google Scholar 

  • Williamson, T. E. & Carr, T. D. A new genus of derived pachycephalosaurian from western North America. J. Vertebr. Paleontol. 22, 779–801 (2002).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Schott, R. K. & Evans, D. C. Squamosal ontogeny and variation in the pachycephalosaurian dinosaur Stegoceras validum Lambe, 1902, from the Dinosaur Park Formation, Alberta. J. Vertebr. Paleontol. 32, 903–913 (2012).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Schott, R. K. & Evans, D. C. Cranial variation and systematics of Foraminacephale brevis gen. nov. and the diversity of pachycephalosaurid dinosaurs (Ornithischia: Cerapoda) in the Belly River Group of Alberta, Canada. Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 179, 865–906 (2016).


    Google Scholar 

  • Sullivan, R. M. Revision of the dinosaur Stegoceras Lambe (Ornithischia, Pachycephalosauridae). J. Vertebr. Paleontol. 23, 181–207 (2003).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Han, F.-L., Forster, C. A., Clark, J. M. & Xu, X. Cranial anatomy of Yinlong downsi (Ornithischia: Ceratopsia) from the Upper Jurassic Shishugou Formation of Xinjiang, China. J. Vertebr. Paleontol. 36, e1029579 (2015).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Evans, D. C., Brown, C. M., You, H. & Campione, N. E. Description and revised diagnosis of Asia’s first recorded pachycephalosaurid, Sinocephale bexelli gen. nov., from the Upper Cretaceous of Inner Mongolia, China. Can. J. Earth Sci. 58, 981–992 (2021).

    Article 
    ADS 

    Google Scholar 

  • Goodwin, M. B. & Horner, J. R. Cranial histology of pachycephalosaurs (Ornithischia: Marginocephalia) reveals transitory structures inconsistent with head-butting behavior. Paleobiology 30, 253–267 (2004).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Evans, D. C. et al. Morphology and histology of new cranial specimens of Pachycephalosauridae (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the Nemegt Formation, Mongolia. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 494, 121–134 (2018).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Hou, L. A new primitive Pachycephalosauria from Anhui, China. Vertebrata PalAsiatica 15, 198–202 (1977).


    Google Scholar 

  • Owen, R. Monograph on the Fossil Reptilia of the Wealden and Purbeck Formations. Part V. Lacertilia. Palaeontogr. Soc. Monogr. 12, 31–39 (1861).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Thulborn, R. A. A new heterodontosaurid dinosaur (Reptilia: Ornithischia) from the Upper Triassic Red Beds of Lesotho. Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 55, 151–175 (1974).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Sues, H.-D. & Galton, P. M. Anatomy and classification of the North American Pachycephalosauria (Dinosauria: Ornithischia). Palaeontographica 198, 1–40 (1987).


    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, C. M. & Russell, A. P. Homology and architecture of the caudal basket of Pachycephalosauria (Dinosauria: Ornithischia): the first occurrence of myorhabdoi in Tetrapoda. PLoS ONE 7, e30212 (2012).

    Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Han, F., Forster, C. A., Xu, X. & Clark, J. M. Postcranial anatomy of Yinlong downsi (Dinosauria: Ceratopsia) from the Upper Jurassic Shishugou Formation of China and the phylogeny of basal ornithischians. J. Syst. Palaeontol. 16, 1159–1187 (2006).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Wings, O. & Sander, P. M. No gastric mill in sauropod dinosaurs: new evidence from analysis of gastrolith mass and function in ostriches. Proc. R. Soc. B: Biol. Sci. 274, 635–640 (2007).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Takasaki, R. & Kobayashi, Y. Effects of diet and gizzard muscularity on grit use in domestic chickens. PeerJ 8, e10277 (2020).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Takasaki, R. Herbivorous Adaptations of Dinosauria: Hadrosaurid Foraging Strategy and Archosaur Gastroliths. PhD thesis, Hokkaido Univ. (2019).

  • Horner, J. R. & Goodwin, M. B. Extreme cranial ontogeny in the Upper Cretaceous dinosaur Pachycephalosaurus. PLoS ONE 4, e7626 (2009).

    Article 
    ADS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Goodwin, M. B., Buchholtz, E. A. & Johnson, R. E. Cranial anatomy and diagnosis of Stygimoloch spinifer (Ornithischia: Pachycephalosauria) with comments on cranial display structures in agonistic behavior. J. Vertebr. Paleontol. 18, 363–375 (1998).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • De Margerie, E., Cubo, J. & Castanet, J. Bone typology and growth rate: testing and quantifying ‘Amprino’s rule’ in the mallard (Anas platyrhynchos). C.R. Biol. 325, 221–230 (2002).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Goodwin, M. B. & Evans, D. C. The early expression of squamosal horns and parietal ornamentation confirmed by new end-stage juvenile Pachycephalosaurus fossils from the Upper Cretaceous Hell Creek Formation, Montana. J. Vertebr. Paleontol. 36, 1–8 (2016).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Prondvai, E. et al. Radial porosity profiles: a new bone histological method for comparative developmental analysis of diametric limb bone growth. R. Soc. Open Sci. 9, 211893 (2022).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Griffin, C. T. et al. Assessing ontogenetic maturity in extinct saurian reptiles. Biol. Rev. 96, 470–525 (2021).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Knell, R. J., Naish, D., Tomkins, J. L. & Hone, D. W. Sexual selection in prehistoric animals: detection and implications. Trends Ecol. Evol. 28, 38–47 (2013).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Erickson, G. M., Curry, R. K., Varricchio, D. J., Norell, M. A. & Xu, X. Growth patterns in brooding dinosaurs reveals the timing of sexual maturity in non-avian dinosaurs and genesis of the avian condition. Biol. Lett. 3, 558–561 (2007).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Andrew, H., Lee, A. H. & Werning, S. Sexual maturity in growing dinosaurs does not fit reptilian growth models. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 105, 582–587 (2008).

    Article 
    ADS 

    Google Scholar 

  • Prondvai, E., Godefroit, P., Adriaens, D. & Hu, D. Intraskeletal histovariability, allometric growth patterns, and their functional implications in bird-like dinosaurs. Sci. Rep. 8, 258 (2018).

    Article 
    ADS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Cullen, T. M., Simon, D. J., Benner, E. K. & Evans, D. C. Morphology and osteohistology of a large-bodied caenagnathid (Theropoda, Oviraptorosauria) from the Hell Creek Formation (Montana): implications for size-based classifications and growth reconstruction in theropods. Pap. Palaeontol. 7, 751–767 (2021).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Monfroy, Q. T. & Kundrát, M. The osteohistological variability in the evolution of basal avialans. Acta Zool. 103, 1–28 (2022).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Wick, S. L. & Lehman, T. M. A rare ‘flat-headed’ pachycephalosaur (Dinosauria: Pachycephalosauridae) from West Texas, USA, with morphometric and heterochronic considerations. Geobios 86, 89–106 (2024).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Nirody, J. A. et al. Quantifying vascularity in the frontoparietal dome of Stegoceras validum (Dinosauria: Pachycephalosauridae) from high-resolution CT scans. J. Vertebr. Paleontol. 41, e2036991 (2021).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Fonseca, A. O. et al. A comprehensive phylogenetic analysis on early ornithischian evolution. J. Syst. Palaeontol. 22, 2346577 (2024).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Sereno, P. C. in The Age of Dinosaurs in Russia and Mongolia (eds Benton, M. J. et al.) 480–516 (Cambridge Univ. Press, 2000).


    Google Scholar 

  • Huang, L.-K. & Wang, M.-J. J. Image thresholding by minimizing the measures of fuzziness. Pattern Recognit. 28, 41–51 (1995).

    Article 
    ADS 

    Google Scholar 

  • Madzia, et al. The phylogenetic nomenclature of ornithischian dinosaurs. PeerJ 9, e12362 (2021).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Lamm, E. T. in Bone Histology of Fossil Tetrapods (eds Padian, K. & Lamm, E. T.) 55–160 (California Univ. Press, 2013)


    Google Scholar 

  • Xu, X., Forster, C. A., Clark, J. M. & Mo, J. A basal ceratopsian with transitional features from the Late Jurassic of northwestern China. Proc. Biol. Sci. 273, 2135–2140 (2006).

    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Osi, A., Prondvai, E., Butler, R. & Weishampel, D. B. Phylogeny, histology and inferred body size evolution in a new rhabdodontid dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous of Hungary. PLoS ONE 7, e44318 (2012).

    Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Boyd, C. A. The systematic relationships and biogeographic history of ornithischian dinosaurs. PeerJ 3, e1523 (2015).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Dieudonné, P. E., Cruzado-Caballero, P., Godefroit, P. & Tortosa, T. A new phylogeny of cerapodan dinosaurs. Hist. Biol. 33, 2335–2355 (2020).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Ohashi, T. & Barrett, P. M. A new ornithischian dinosaur from the Lower Cretaceous Kuwajima Formation of Japan. J. Vertebr. Paleontol. 29, 748–757 (2009).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Butler, R. J., Upchurch, P. & Norman, D. B. The phylogeny of the ornithischian dinosaurs. J. Syst. Palaeontol. 6, 1–40 (2008).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Longrich, N. R., Sankey, J. & Tanke, D. Texacephale langstoni, a new genus of pachycephalosaurid (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the upper Campanian Aguja Formation, southern Texas, USA. Cretaceous Res. 31, 274–284 (2010).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Hill, R. V., Witmer, L. M. & Norell, M. A. A new specimen of Pinacosaurus grangeri (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia: ontogeny and phylogeny of ankylosaurs. Am. Mus. Novit. 3395, 1–29 (2003).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Han, F., Forster, C. A., Clark, J. M. & Xu, X. A new taxon of basal ceratopsian from China and the early evolution of Ceratopsia. PLoS ONE 10, e0148689 (2015).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Makovicky, P. J. & Norell, M. A. Yamaceratops dorngobiensis, a new primitive ceratopsian (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the Cretaceous of Mongolia. Am. Mus. Novit. 3530, 1–42 (2006).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Goloboff, P. A. & Catalano, S. A. TNT version 1.5, including a full implementation of phylogenetic morphometrics. Cladistics 32, 221–238 (2016).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Ronquist, F. & Huelsenbeck, J. P. MrBayes 3: Bayesian phylogenetic inference under mixed models. Bioinformatics 19, 1572–1574 (2003).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Goloboff, P. A. Extended implied weighting. Cladistics 30, 260–272 (2014).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Diego, P. & Goloboff, P. A. The impact of unstable taxa in coelurosaurian phylogeny and resampling support measures for parsimony analyses. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 440, 97–115 (2020).


    Google Scholar 

  • Brusatte, S. L., Benton, M. J., Ruta, M. & Lloyd, G. T. Superiority, competition, and opportunism in the evolutionary radiation of dinosaurs. Science 321, 1485–1488 (2008).

    Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Bapst, D. W. paleotree: an R package for paleontological and phylogenetic analyses of evolution. Methods Ecol. Evol. 3, 803–807 (2012).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Bell, M. A., Lloyd, G. T. & Smith, A. strap: an R package for plotting phylogenies against stratigraphy and assessing their stratigraphic congruence. Palaeontology 58, 379–389 (2015).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, C., Stadler, T., Klopfstein, S., Heath, T. A. & Ronquist, F. Total-evidence dating under the fossilized birth–death process. Syst. Biol. 65, 228–249 (2016).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Kikins, R., Pieper, S. & Vosburgh, K. G. in Intraoperative Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy (ed. Jolesz, F.) 277–289 (Springer, 2014).


    Google Scholar 

  • Schneider, C. A., Rasband, W. S. & Eliceiri, K. W. NIH Image to ImageJ: 25 years of image analysis. Nat. Methods 9, 671–675 (2012).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Williamson, T. E. & Brusatte, S. L. Pachycephalosaurs (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the Upper Cretaceous (upper Campanian) of New Mexico: a reassessment of St. validum novomexicanum. Cretaceous Res. 62, 29–43 (2016).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Julie, J. & Francois, H. missMDA: a package for handling missing values in multivariate data analysis. J. Stat. Softw. 70, 1–31 (2016).


    Google Scholar 

  • Warton, D. I., Duursma, R. A., Falster, D. S. & Taskinen, S. smatr 3—an R package for estimation and inference about allometric lines. Methods Ecol. Evol. 3, 257–259 (2012).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Elliott, N. G., Haskard, K. & Koslow, J. A. Morphometric analysis of orange roughly (Hoplostethus atlanticus) off the continental slope of southern Australia. J. Fish Biol. 46, 202–220 (1995).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Mannion, P. D. & Upchurch, P. Completeness metrics and the quality of the sauropodomorph fossil record through geological and historical time. Paleobiology 36, 283–302 (2010).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Chinzorig, T. et al. Figshare https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.28509500 (2025).



    • إقرأ المزيد
    محليات المزيد
    العرب والعالم المزيد